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SAN FRANCISCO Women's Nike Air Max 90 White Australia , July 5 (Xinhua) -- Researchers who have spent four consecutive summer seasons in the Antarctic mapping the patterns in distribution and biomass of Antarctic krill have reported that the combined mass of these tiny aquatic organisms is more than that of the world's 7.5 billion human inhabitants.


Detailed in a study published in the journal Deep Sea Research, Kim Bernard, a biological oceanographer at Oregon State University (OSU) and a team of colleagues sought to identify the environmental conditions responsible for krill "hotspots" in the Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean or the Austral Ocean.


Researchers have long known about this zooplankton species, but haven't been certain why particular regions or hotspots in the Southern Ocean are so productive. One such hotspot exists off Anvers Island, along the western Antarctic Peninsula Men's Nike Air Max 90 Woven Phantom White Australia , where high densities of Antarctic krill episodically concentrate near the shore close to a number of Adelie penguin breeding colonies.


It turns out that a perfect combination of tides and wind is responsible.


"This region off the western Antarctic Peninsula has been a known breeding area for Adelie penguins for thousands of years. We know it today as a krill hotspot and it probably has been for some time," said Bernard, lead author on the study. "But despite their abundance, there is growing concern about krill not only because of climate change, but because they are now being harvested for human food, nutritional supplements and aquaculture feed. Yet historically we've known little about what makes this particular area so productive for krill. So we set out to learn more about it."


What they discovered is a near-perfect system in which krill aggregations situated over the Palm Deep Canyon Men's Nike Air Max 90 Ultra SE Black Australia , a region of nutrient-rich waters that produce a lot of food for the krill, are delivered close to shore by tidal currents and winds. When the winds are westerly and the tides are diurnal, namely one high tide and one low tide each day, the krill biomass close to shore is at its peak and krill aggregations are huge.


"We can predict exactly when humpback whales will be close to shore off Palmer Station just based on the tides. When there are diurnal tides, you'll see krill from the surface to the ocean floor -- they are everywhere. And when they are, the whales are there Men's Nike Air Max 90 VT Black Australia , too," Bernard said. "This concentration and transport toward shore are particularly important for the penguins that breed there. The farther they have to go to forage, the less their chicks have to eat and chick weight is a huge factor in their survival."


And when the tides shift to semi-diurnal, or two high and two low tides daily, currents move the krill away from shore and their predators follow. Likewise, a shift to southerly winds keeps the krill farther from shore and more spread out.


Antarctic krill can live five to seven years Nike Air Max 90 Premium Black White Australia , and grow to a length of a little more than two inches, or more than 5 centimeters. They don't reach sexual maturity for two years, and when they reproduce, they must release their eggs in water roughly 1,000 meters, or about 3 nike vapormax australia ,200 feet, deep. That's because they need a certain period of time to develop as they drift to the ocean floor, and another period of time to go through different life stages as they re-ascend to the surface.


Studies have shown that sea ice may be critical to their survival, but researchers are not exactly sure why, Bernard said. "We see very strong correlations between krill biomass and sea ice," she was quoted as saying in a news release from OSU on Wednesday.


"When the sea ice is low nike air max 270 australia , the krill populations crash the next summer. It could be a change in algae or other food for them, or it could be that sea ice provides shelter from predators, or affects the currents in some way. We just don't yet know," she said.




JUBA, June 21 (Xinhua) -- A senior UN envoy for South Sudan on Wednesday praised the UN peacekeepers for a "nimble and pro-active" response in support of humanitarians dealing with an emergency in the country.


Head of the UN peacekeeping mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) David Shearer said such peacekeeping response will be replicated in other crisis situations in South Sudan.


Shearer, who was speaking in Aburoc in the Upper Nile region where up to 25 nike air max 97 australia ,000 people had taken refuge from conflict, said the presence of peacekeepers ensures security for aid workers.


"The presence of peacekeeping troops undoubtedly provided the security and confidence that humanitarian agencies needed to operate in this remote and dangerous area," said Shearer in a statement issued in Juba after the visit.


The village, which numbered some 5,000 people before the arrival of the displaced people, was lacking in water nike air max 95 australia , food and health services.


According to the UN official, with the possibility that Aburoc was going to become a humanitarian disaster area it was important that everyone moved quickly.


"I was very pleased peacekeepers were ready to deploy nimbly and proactively. A light and effective footprint on the ground was what was needed," he said.


The UN mission brought 80 Rwandan peacekeepers together with armored vehicles to Aburoc at the beginning of April creating better security conditions for the arrival of the humanitarian community, two days later.


"A cholera outbreak was stopped and hundreds of lives were saved as a result of this combined action together with a highly effective response by humanitarian agencies," said Shearer who is also the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General, in


The UNMISS deployment to Aburoc was planned to last a month but was extended by two weeks.


Humanitarian agencies remain in Aburoc providing life-saving services to the almost 11 nike air max 90 essential australia ,000 people who remain there. UNMISS support is being continued through

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